What This Supreme Court
Case Could Mean for School Choice
Anne
Ryland / April
21, 2017 /
This week, a dispute over playground surfaces in
Missouri made its way to the Supreme Court. At question was the
constitutionality of a provision in Missouri’s state constitution
known as a Blaine Amendment.
The court heard oral arguments on Wednesday for
Trinity Lutheran v. Comer, a case involving a Lutheran preschool and
its application to a state grant program that helps nonprofits
resurface playgrounds with recycled rubber.
Trinity Lutheran Church in Columbia, Missouri,
operates a preschool and daycare center, and its property includes a
playground that is open to the public.
When the Trinity Lutheran Child Learning Center
applied to a state grant program to help resurface its playground,
its application was denied on the basis of a provision in the
Missouri state constitution that prevents public aid from going to
religious institutions.
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The learning center’s application had
initially been ranked fifth out of 44 applicants based on neutral
criteria and initial review by state administrators.
The constitutional provision invoked by the
state is a Blaine Amendment, so-called because of Sen. James G.
Blaine, R-Maine, who championed the amendment in the latter half of
the 19th century.
This period in American history was marked by
intense anti-Catholic sentiment, and education became a focal point
of the animosity.
Because the curriculum of the common schools of
the era reflected a general Protestant civil religion, marginalized
Catholics began to set up their own parochial schools and sought the
same access to public funds that common schools received.
Determined to prevent Catholic schools from
accessing public funds, Blaine advocated an amendment to the federal
Constitution to prohibit aid to “sectarian” schools. At the time,
“sectarian” was generally understood to be code for Catholic, not
simply any religious organization.
While his effort failed at the federal level (by
just four votes in the Senate), the language of his amendment was
eventually embraced in a majority of the states.
Today, despite their origins in bigotry, Blaine
Amendments or similar prohibitions remain in 38 state constitutions,
including Missouri. The Supreme Court has already acknowledged and
disavowed the discriminatory history of Blaine Amendments, most
notably in Mitchell v. Helms, where the court found it permissible
for public funds to be distributed in the form of loans to both
public and private schools.
Based on oral
arguments from
Trinity Lutheran v. Comer, the Supreme Court is once again preparing
to issue a decision on the question of state aid to a religious
institution.
As Elizabeth Slattery, legal fellow in The
Heritage Foundation’s Edwin Meese III Center, notes:
“If Trinity Lutheran wins the day, it will be a signal to states
that they may not discriminate against churches under the guise of
Blaine Amendments.”
While Blaine Amendments have long threatened the
exercise of religious liberty for schools and churches, they have
also presented a particular obstacle in the area of school choice.
School choice opponents have repeatedly used the
pretext of Blaine Amendments to challenge the constitutionality of
school choice legislation.
School choice opponents argue that the public
funds used in voucher or education savings account programs violate
Blaine Amendments, since the money can be used at private, religious
schools.
However, several state supreme courts have
already determined that Blaine Amendment challenges do not affect
private school choice programs because public funds are given to
individual parents and not directly to religious institutions.
As a result, a decision in favor of Trinity
Lutheran could have an advantageous effect for the growth and
introduction of school choice programs across the country. The
Trinity Lutheran case offers the Supreme Court the chance to settle
crucial questions about the place of religious organizations in the
public life of the nation.
It also offers hope that school choice programs
in the states will no longer be held up needlessly in legal battles
over Blaine Amendments, but can get right to work offering greater
educational opportunities for children.
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